Brainwash Training in the Army :: Personal Narrative Writing

Indoctrinate Training in the Army I could never have thought I would leave the Army programmed. Everybody has the previously established inclination that essential preparing would be somewhat hard and that you would leave fit as a fiddle. Everybody discovers training camp testing, and the prize you get for finishing it? You leave a conditioned executioner. I joined the Army National Guard while I was a senior in secondary school. I was burnt out on Bristol and my unfulfilling life in Tennessee. I was unable to hold back to leave and go far away from home and see what different spots brought to the table. In August I left for Ft. Jackson, South Carolina, a fundamental preparing post. There were a five or six of us that left from Knoxville by van to arrive. We showed up around 12 PM. When we ventured out of the van we were guided into a room like cows. There was at that point over a hundred people sitting elbow-to-elbow on the floor. This room was incredibly little and packed, yet I figured out how to wedge myself between two individuals. Somebody was remaining behind a counter telling that we were unable to have weapons, drugs, obscene material, and things for betting with. From that point forward, the individuals in control, drills sergeants began hollering at us and advising us to get up and come up short on the structure. They ran us to another structure. This structure had our beds in it. We were advised to go upstairs, put our things on the bunks, and return. The recruit instructors said that we had one moment to achieve one or its other fifteen seconds had passed. We all shot up the steps, wrecking one another, attempting to make it down in time. We all showed up down steps to the shouting of military authoritarians. They were stating, Front inclining rest position move. When the military authoritarians saw me they got extremely furious. I was simply remaining there in light of the fact that I didn't have the foggiest idea what front inclining rest position was. One of the military trainers came over and started to obnoxiously attack me, shouting, Would you say you are hard of hearing? I stated, FRONT LEANING REST POSITION MOVE! I disclosed to him I didn't have the foggiest idea what that was. He answered that it was the push-up position in a disagreeable way. He said it was OK that I didn't have the foggiest idea what that implied, on the grounds that I was another moronic innate from Tennessee.

The Beatles Influence on Rock-and-Roll Free Essays

The Beatles are one of the most creative musical gangs ever. They have not just changed the manner in which awesome is taken a gander at, yet additionally how the music is recorded. They have affected the specialists of the 60s and the 70s, and furthermore numerous ages later and to come. We will compose a custom paper test on The Beatles Influence on Rock-and-Roll or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now Starting from Liverpool, England, the Beatles, or the Fab Four, comprises of Paul McCartney, John Lennon, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr. Besting the outlines in ’63 with â€Å"Love Me Do,† and acquiring the most noteworthy appraised seeing in history while performing on the Ed Sullivan Show, the Beatles are unquestionably a band that broke the sound wall of awesome. They utilized novel sounds in their music and weren’t scared of testing in the studio, they even invited incidental events and toyed around to get the sound they were searching for. Fake twofold following was designed during the chronicle of their collection Revolver and furthermore another strategy on miking strings. They prepared for other British Bands in America and even had out and out imitators, similar to the Monkees, that replicated everything from their look, to the spelling blunder in their name, and their crusade. They additionally made a totally different class of music called society rock. Their impact is still observed in today’s artists, for example, the band Oasis, who contrast their music continually with the Beatles. The Beatles Influence on Rock-and-Roll â€Å"The effect of the Beatles †on awesome as well as on Western culture †is just boundless. As artists, they demonstrated that awesome could grasp a boundless assortment of harmonies, structures and sounds; practically every stone investigation has some point of reference on Beatles records. † Said by the Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock and Roll, couldn't be any progressively off-base. The Beatles hugy affected awesome, however music in general, just as impacting the innovation used to record their music. They weren’t terrified of testing and as opposed to creating music they delivered workmanship. Their impact is seen everywhere throughout the world, yet nobody has approached the notoriety that was Beatlemania. The Beatles began from Liverpool, England and comprises of Paul McCartney, John Lennon, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr. They originally began playing appears in Hamburg, Germany as a skiffle band in 1960. In 1962 they discharged their first single â€Å"Love Me Do,† which arrived at the main spot on U. S. diagrams in May of ’63. Their first appearance on the Ed Sullivan Show in February of ’64 acquired more than 73 million watchers, the most in U. S. history. By April 1964, they held the initial five places in the Billboard Hot 100. The Beatles were perhaps the greatest effect on music during the 60s and 70s. Their music, right up 'til today, stays more broadly known than some other music of the stone period. They have gotten new sounds and thoughts their music and upset awesome. Their work was constantly contributed with creativity, utilizing one of a kind sounds in their music, which is most drastically observed in Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band. They utilized numerous studio consequences for this collection, including resonation, echoes, and turn around tape impacts. They tried different things with sounds that no different groups utilized, and had extraordinary accomplishment with it. They made their own material, breaking the Tin Pan restraining infrastructure of tune composing, getting under way progressive changes in the music distributing industry. They composed melodies for individual specialists and even urged the Rolling Stones to compose their own music. The Beatles were the main gathering to utilize the chronicle studio as a composing device, developing complex melody courses of action by multi-following and bringing in instrumental surfaces and cutting edge impacts under the direction of maker George Martin† (Glassman). In Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band, rather than utilizing conventional breaks in the middle of tunes, one followed converged into the following, which were connected by studio talk, chuckling, electronic commotions, and creature sounds. They additionally utilized sound stunts including steam organs, symphonies, sitars, and even a pack of foxhounds in full cry toward the finish of â€Å"Good Morning, Good Morning. The utilization of creature sounds were in reality originally utilized in the Beach Boys collection Pet Sounds that the Beatles appreciated. When asked the Beach Boys where they got their advancement for Pet Sounds, the Beatles Rubber Soul collection was what motivated them. â€Å"A Day In The Life,† the keep going melody on the collection, included â€Å"what Lennon depicted as ‘a sound structure up from nothing to the finish of the world’† (Lazarescu). The tune â€Å"Strawberry Fields Forever† combined two distinct renditions of a similar melody and utilized opposite tape cellos for a creepy impact. After George Harrison utilized sitar on the tune â€Å"Norwegian Wood,† different groups like the Byrds, Yardbirds, and the Rolling Stones, before long followed fusing Eastern-impact sounds into their work. Paul McCartney once stated, â€Å"We would state, ‘Try it! Simply attempt it for us. On the off chance that it sounds horrible, OK, we’ll lose it. Be that as it may, it may very well stable great. ’ We were continually pushing ahead: Louder, further, longer, more different† (â€Å"All About Jazz†). The Beatles had total access to Abbey Road studios for nothing out of pocket, going through a long time testing and composing music. They utilized the studio as an instrument in itself. They were the main band to push melodic and innovative limits. They exploited inadvertent events in the account procedure. You can see this in â€Å"I Feel Fine† where there is criticism and furthermore in â€Å"Long, Long, Long† where there is a reverberating glass bottle. They additionally purposely played with circumstances and methods that would additionally risk impacts. A case of this is in â€Å"I am the Walrus,† where they utilized a live blending of a UK radio station into the blur of the melody, and furthermore the disordered collection of â€Å"Tomorrow Never Knows. Ken Townsend designed counterfeit twofold following (ADT) during the chronicle of Revolver since Lennon didn’t like singing a melody twice. ADT is still broadly utilized for instruments and voices; be that as it may, it is presently for the most part known as programmed twofold following. Different impacts the Beatles had on innov ation were the utilization of close miking the strings by engineer Geoff Emerick when recording. In 1966 that was a fundamentally better approach for miking strings, and now it is basic practice. The Beatles were additionally the firsts to utilize direct infusion to record McCartney’s bass on Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band. This is finished by associating the bass to the chronicle reassure by means of an impedance coordinating DI box. The Beatles made ready for other British groups in America. The Beatles were the main British gathering to break into America and since the Beatles had the option to have notoriety in the US, they gave other British groups the chance of making it in America. Such groups were Gerry and the Pacemakers, Billy J. Kramer and the Dakotas, and the Searchers, who were all additionally oversaw by Brian Epstein. Other British groups that followed the Beatles were the Rolling Stones, the Who, and the Yardbirds. The Rolling Stones had a raunchier filthy terrible kid look, changed then the well put together look of the Beatles. As the 1970s started, you can see the Beatles impact in craftsmen like Elton John and Pink Floyd. In America, the most barefaced imitators of the Beatles were the Monkees, who even calculatedly incorrectly spelled the name simply like the Beatles. The Monkees were four on-screen characters depicting longhaired unusual artists; notwithstanding, their music was really performed by studio artists. They duplicated the Beatles to a tee, including their crusade. Before the Beatles went to the US, their chief Brian Epstein had Capital Records burn through $50,000 on a battle, putting banners everywhere throughout the nation expressing, â€Å"The Beatles Are Coming,† and gave circle racers records of meetings with the Beatles to feel like they were really making customized interviews. For the Monkees, â€Å"The band’s mark burned through $100,000 on an advertisement battle that included seventy-six development men, who appropriated a great many banners declaring ‘The Monkees Are Coming’ and given review records to 6,000 circle jockeys† (Szatmary 125). After the death of President John Kennedy, the entire nation was at a depressed spot and the Beatles took them back to more joyful occasions, particularly the people craftsmen. A great deal of society craftsmen felt like the dissent was over after Kennedy was murdered. Kennedy was rolling out an improvement in the nation, however after his passing, they felt like there was no more battle left in them. Weave Dylan, one of the significant society artists of the period, just parted with everything and went towards the more electric hints of the Beatles. Quality Clark, who at the time was a piece of the people bunch the New Christy Minstrels, was on visit when he previously heard the Beatles tune â€Å"She Loves You. † â€Å"I more likely than not played it multiple times in the two days the New Christy Minstrels were playing that town,’ he later enthused. ‘I knew, I realized this was the future† (Szatmary 140). Quality Clark later quit the New Christy Minstrels and framed his own band with Roger McGuinn and a couple of other previous society artists. They considered themselves the Byrds, incorrect spelling it to copy the spelling mistake in the Beatles. They consolidated Dylanese society, vocal harmonies and Beatles music to make people rock. Other society groups that changed to people rock were the Turtles, Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel, and Scotland’s people vocalist Donovan Leitch, which Paul McCartney was highlighted singing with him on his tune â€Å"Mellow Yellow. † One other b

Indian Railways Financial Capacity Enhancement

Indian Railways Financial Capacity Enhancement Physical and monetary limit improvement/limit working of Indian railroads over years To break down how the physical limit of Indian railroads has improved over years. To look at monetary limit improvement of Indian railroads over years In our examination we have considered two sorts of Capacity upgrades one is physical limit and another is monetary limit. Limit improvement has been characterized in different manners; its definitive reason for existing is to abandon better talented and arranged people, progressively responsive and powerful foundations, and a superior strategy condition for seeking after advancement objectives. Limit improvement at the institutional or arrangement level has three primary fixings The country’s assets and abilities An empowering institutional condition Inspirations and motivations/pressures that elevate and help to continue social change Limit use: Limit use is an idea in financial aspects and administrative bookkeeping which alludes to the degree to which an endeavor or a country really utilizes its introduced profitable limit. Hence, it alludes to the connection between real yield that is created with the introduced hardware and the potential yield which could be delivered with it, if limit was completely utilized. In the event that market request develops, limit usage will rise. On the off chance that request debilitates, limit use will loosen. Market analysts and brokers frequently watch limit use pointers for indications of swelling pressures. The limit usage rate is additionally a marker of how effectively thefactors of productionare being utilized. Monetary productivity: In financial aspects, the term monetary proficiency alludes to the utilization of assets in order to boost the creation of merchandise and ventures. A financial framework is supposed to be more productive than another (in relative terms) on the off chance that it can give more merchandise and ventures to society without utilizing more assets. In supreme terms, a circumstance can be called financially proficient if: Nobody can be improved off without exacerbating another person off (ordinarily alluded to asPareto productivity). No extra yield can be acquired without expanding the measure of data sources. Creation continues at the most minimal conceivable per-unit cost. Specialized productivity: Specialized productivity implies that common assets are changed into merchandise and ventures without squander, Situation where it is outlandish for a firm to create, with the given expertise, (1) a bigger yield from similar information sources or (2) a similar yield with less of at least one contributions without expanding the measure of other info. Specialized proficiency is the viability with which a given arrangement of sources of info is utilized to deliver a yield. A firm is supposed to be in fact effective if a firm is delivering the most extreme yield from the base amount of information sources, for example, work, capital and innovation. Profitability: Profitability is a proportion of the productivity ofproduction. Efficiency is a proportion of creation yield to what is required to deliver it (inputs). The proportion of efficiency is characterized as a complete yield for each one unit of an all out information. Physical limit Railroad stations Workers Course length Trains Absolute speculation Capital at charge Traveler administration vehicles Volume of traffic Other instructing vehicles Wagons (To figure effectiveness and efficiency we should apply models and tests. Dan bogart and lathika have utilized cobb douglas creation capacity to figure proficiency in the activities. Alivelu utilized a model to ascertain efficiency. DEA might be utilized) Trains, mentors, wagons and other kind of railroad vehicles are as one called as moving stock, moving stock initially alluded to the vehicles that proceed onward a rail route, it for the most part incorporates both fueled and unpowered vehicles (Wikipedia). In certain nations the term is typically use to allude just to unpowered vehicles, explicitly barring trains which might be alluded to as running stock, footing or thought process power. In India all the railroad vehicles are called as moving stock. In basic language train is likewise called as motor, it is a rail transport vehicle that gives the thought process capacity to a train. The word train starts from the Latin word loco which implies from a spot and motivus which means causing movement. A train has no payload limit of its own and its sole design is to move the train along the tracks. A wagon is an enormous compartment on wheels which is pulled by a train. Products wagons or cargo wagons are unpowered railroad vehicles that are utilized for the transportation of load. OTIF definition: a railroad vehicle not gave a methods for footing, which is proposed to convey products. A traveler vehicle is otherwise called bogie in India. It is a bit of railroad moving ,stock that is intended to convey travelers. The term traveler vehicle is likewise connected with a resting vehicle, things, feasting, railroad post office and detainee transport vehicles. EMU DMU DHMU (EMU) A lot of electrically controlled self-moving traveler rail vehicles ready to work in various with other such sets (DMU) A lot of diesel-fueled self-pushing traveler rail vehicles ready to work in different with other such sets. Such units, particularly those comprising of a solitary vehicle, are now and then named railcars . Aâ diesel different unit or DMU is a numerous unit train controlled by ready diesel motors. A DMU requires no different train, as the motors are consolidated into at least one of the carriages. They may likewise be alluded to as a railcar or railmotor, contingent upon nation. Diesel-fueled units might be additionally arranged by their transmission type: diesel-electric (DEMU), diesel-mechanical (DMMU) or diesel-water powered (DHMU). Diesel-mechanical In a diesel-mechanical different unit (DMMU) the turning vitality of the motor is transmitted by means of a gearbox and driveshaft straightforwardly to the wheels of the train, similar to a vehicle. The transmissions can be moved physically by the driver, as in the extraordinary larger part of original British Rail DMUs, however in many applications gears are changed naturally. Diesel-pressure driven In a diesel-pressure driven different unit, a water driven torque converter, a sort of liquid coupling, goes about as the transmission vehicle for the intention intensity of the diesel motor to turn the wheels. A few units include a half and half blend of pressure driven and mechanical transmissions, generally returning to the last at higher working paces as this abatements motor RPM and clamor. Diesel-electric In a diesel-electric various unit (DEMU) a diesel motor drives an electrical generator or an alternator which produces electrical vitality. The created flow is then taken care of to electric footing engines on the wheels or intruders similarly as a customary diesel electric train. [1] In present day DEMUs, for example, the Bombardier Voyager family, every vehicle is altogether independent and has its own motor, generator and electric engines. [1] In more established plans, for example, the British Rail Class 207, a few vehicles inside the comprise might be altogether unpowered or just component electric engines, getting electrical flow from different vehicles in the comprise which have a generator and motor. Year No. of railroad stations Workers (in thousands) Course length (in kilometers) Absolute interest (in crore) Capital at charge 1980-81 7035 1572 61240 7448.4 6096.3 1981-82 7072 1575 61230 8164.3 6698.1 1982-83 7068 1584 61385 8882.2 7251.1 1983-84 7065 1592 61460 9401.4 7567.8 1984-85 7093 1603 61850 10377.3 8285.6 1985-86 7092 1613 61836 11492.0 9078.1 1986-87 7105 1611 61813 13306.9 10373.1 1987-88 7084 1618 61976 15177.6 11622.2 1988-89 7083 1626 61985 17239.4 12987.5 1989-90 7076 1647 62211 19730.6 14629.5 1990-91 7100 1652 62367 22200.5 16125.8 1991-92 7116 1654 65458 24808.4 17712.5 1992-93 7043 1646 62486 28524.3 20123.2 1993-94 7050 1625 62462 32212.0 22620.6 1994-95 7056 1602 62660 35618.2 24924.8 1995-96 7068 1587 62915 39816.0 27712.89 1996-97 6984 1584 62725 44627.3 30911.77 1997-98 6929 1579 62495 49057.8 33846.33 1998-99 6896 1578 62809 53657.6 36829.34 1999-00 6867 1577 62759 58353.4 39772.06 2000-01 6843 1545 63028 63341.01 43051.88 2001-02 6856 1511 63140 70117.47 47147.35 2002-03 6906 1472 63122 77915.78 51099.09 2003-04 7031 1442 63221 87474.50 56061.79 2004-05 7133 1424 63465 98490.02 59346.93 2005-06 6974 1412 63332 112180.41 66878.37 2006-07 6909 1398 63327 130168.71 76030.69 2007-08 7025 1394 63273 151434.35 88521.14 2008-09 7030 1386 64015 176726.41 104301.25 2009-10 7083 1362 63974 203315.37 123000.69 2010-11 7133 1328 64460 231615.25 143220.57 2011-12 7146 1306 64600 257958.35 161447.97 2012-13 2013-14 Source: factual rundown Indian railroads Year Traveler carriage EMU DMU DHMU Other training vehicles (in units) Wagons (in units) Locomotives(in units) steam diesel electric 1980-81 27410 2625 8230 400946 7469 2403 1036 1981-82 27192 2658 8058 392062 7245 2520 1104 1982-83 26894 2765 7840 383431 6292 2638 1157 1983-84 27311 2837 7751 374757 6217 2800 1194 1984-85 27793 2957 7789 365392 5870 2905 1252 1985-86 27735 2965 7543 359617 5571 3046 1302 1986-87 27629 2988 7336 354041

Should people convert to Vegetarianism - Free Essay Example

People eat meat and think they will become strong as an ox, forgetting that the ox eats grass Pino Caruso. In the United States around eight million adults have converted to vegetarianism; removing meat, fish and poultry out of their diet. Some vegetarians do eat eggs and dairy products depending on how extreme they want to go considering vegetarian diets. Vegan a total vegetarian remove any animal byproducts from their diet while pescatarians (partial vegetarians) avoid meat but still eat fish. Reasons for converting range from weight loss, morals, to anatomy. When following the diet and continuing a healthy lifestyle it seems like a better alternative. As of recent, researchers have been able to back up that vegetarianism promotes healthy weight, delivers complete nutrition, and human anatomy has evolved to support a primarily vegetarian diet. In many different studies vegetarians have been seen as healthier without the meat and a proper diet; eating fruits and veggies instead of an abundance of unhealthy snacks. In an Oxford University study, out of 37,875 healthy men and women (ages 20-97), 5.4% of meat eaters were obese compared to 3% of vegetarians (Procon.org). In the study it continued to include that the people who ate meat had 8.3% higher BMI then the vegetarians. There is an obvious health shift when eating like this; Americans who struggle with obesity or weight in general could solve their problem by converting. Some argue that removing meat from ones diet could cause a lack of necessary nutrients; however, there are many plant based alternatives to meat that can give the same nutrients. Nuts, beans, dairy, and legumes are some healthy high-protein based foods that can substitute for meat. The American Dietetic Association stated, [all] appropriately planned vegetarian diets are healthful, nutritionally adequate, and may provide health benefits (Harvard Health). Emphasizing on appropriately planned; when converting to vegetarianism, you cannot remove meat from your diet and not replace the nutrients you are missing from meat. If you cannot become a complete vegetarian it is still good to be aware of how much meat you are consuming and trying to utilize available alternatives. However, always remember that this diet is not impossible and can be done while still getting the necessary vitamins, fats, proteins etc.. Another common argument between meat-eaters and non-meat eaters is whether or not human evolution was meant for humans to consume meat or for a plant-based diet. Many people who refuse to take meat out of their diet claim that humans have been eating it for hundreds of years, why stop now. Some say that a dense form of nutrients and protein that, when combined with high-calorie low-nutrient carbohydrates such as roots, allowed us to develop our large brains and intelligence (Procon.org). When looking at our teeth and length of guts they do not quite fit the bill for carnivores or herbivores therefore we look to our closest ancestors; apes and monkeys and they stick to a plant based diet with an occasional piece of meat. Some theorists think that going back and sticking to a plant based could be our next evolution. That we should only eat meat if it benefits it now. The the important question is how it impacts out bodies today (Newman). Completely converting an entire country into vegetarianism, let alone state, is impossible and would without a doubt would affect our economy. However, when it comes to a person wanting to better themselves and become a healthier person, then one person at a time is a good start. Being vegetarian is not impossible and depends on each individual person how much they believe it will affect them. Continuing a healthy lifestyle and making better choices when it comes to consumption are all part of vegetarianism and the different sub-diets within it. Taking out meat from your diet and replacing it with nuts or beans would benefit a persons health tremendously all while still fulfilling their nutritional needs. Society seems to be afraid of removing meat out of their diet because they could never live without it when evolution and humanity around you tells you the complete opposite. Stay openminded to new concept as this world continues to evolve. Works Cited Vegetarian ProCon.org.ProConorg Headlines, vegetarian.procon.org/. Harvard Health Publishing. Becoming a Vegetarian.Harvard Health, 2008, www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/becoming-a-vegetarian. Newman, Tim. Are We Supposed to Be Vegetarian?Medical News Today, MediLexicon International, 15 Nov. 2017, www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320047.php.

Child Labor Childhood, Emotional, And Spiritual...

Child labor can cause children to have mental, emotional, and spiritual development for the children. In 2012, 44.6 million children of Asia are working at factories at the age of 5-17. At the same year, 11.6 percent of the children from China were in child labor at ages 10-14. Child labor affects the child’s education, which will cause them to be uneducated which will also affect their future. Some of the children in child labor might even die because they do not get enough sleep and does not get full each meal because of dangerous working conditions. Some children wake up early to work but does not stop working until very late at night. Children do not get the pay they deserve even when they are very poor and needs these money for their family. Many children are in child labor because their families are poor and can not afford for them to go to school, which will affect their education and also their future. Most of the children who are in child labor live on the countryside , which is poor. Families in the countryside do not have enough money to pay for health care or might not have enough money to raise a child. Many families in this situation would choose to sell their children to factories or to work as slaves. After the child is sold, the family members will not know how much pain the child is in. If the child did not listen to the owner, the child would get punished, either whipped or be beaten hardly with a shovel. Children who were in child labor lived in a small,Show MoreRelatedChild Labor : Childhood, Emotional, And Spiritual Development For Children3105 Words   |  13 PagesChild labor can cause children to have mental, emotional, and spiritual development for the children. In 2012, 44.6 million children of Asia are working at factories at the age of 5-17. At the same year, 11.6 percent of the children from China were in child labor at ages 10-14. 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Symptoms And Symptoms Of Bipolar Disorder - 2066 Words

Heartaches of the Brain Introduction to Bipolar Disorder Imagine feeling sad and hopeless for days, weeks, or even months on end, then suddenly rocketing to an overly exaggerated outlook on things. Try to envision feeling the highs and lows of innumerable emotions day after day, riding your own emotional rollercoaster and feeling like you’ll never be able to get off. This is common for one suffering from bipolar disorder also known as manic depression. According to our text book Invitation to The Life Span, bipolar disorder is a condition characterized by extreme mood swings, from euphoria to deep depression, not caused by outside experiences. This disorder can make everyday tasks difficult. For instance fighting the urge to impulsively quit your job or even maintain social relationships while battling yourself emotionally. It is not uncommon for people to suffer unknowingly with this disorder for a long period of time. 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Current Harmonic Compensation and Power Factor.Docx free essay sample

Current Harmonic Compensation and Power Factor Improvement by Hybrid Shunt Active Power Filter ABSTRACT In this paper the current harmonic can be compensated by using the Shunt Active Power Filter, Passive Power Filter and the combination of both. The system has the function of voltage stability, and harmonic suppression. The reference current can be calculated by dq transformation. An improved generalized integrator control was proposed to improve the performance of APF. The simulation results of the non- linear systems have been carried out with MATLAB 7. 6. 1. INTRODUCTION The growing use of electronic equipment produces a large mount of harmonics in the power distribution systems because of non-sinusoidal currents consumed by non-linear loads. Some of the examples for non-linear loads are diode-rectifiers, thyristor converters, adjustable speed drives, furnaces, computer power supplies, uninterruptible power supplies, etc. Even though these devices are economical, flexible and en ergy efficient, they may degrade power quality by creating harmonic currents and consuming excessive reactive power. The above phenomena can cause many problems such as resonance, excessive neural currents, low power factor etc. Harmonic distortion in power distribution ystems can be suppressed using two approaches namely, passive and active powering. The passive filtering is the simplest conventional solution to mitigate the harmonic distortion. Although simple, the use passive elements do not always respond correctly to the dynamics of the power distribution systems. Over the years, these passive filters have developed to high level of sophistication. Some even tuned to bypass specific harmonic frequencies. Conventional passive filters consist of inductance, capacitance, and resistance elements configured and tuned to control the harmonics. The singletuned â€Å"notch† filter is the most common and economical ype of passive filter. The notch filter is connected in shunt with the power distribution system and is series-tuned to present low impedance to a particular harmonic current. Thus, harmonic currents are diverted from their normal flow path through the filter. Another popular type of passive filter is the high-pass filter (HPF). Passive LC filters are generally used to reduce these problems, but they have many de-merits such as its being bulk and heavy, and its resonance, tuning problem, fixed compensation, noise, increased losses, etc. On the contrary, the APF can solve the aforementioned problems and is often used to ompensate current harmonics and low power factor that is caused by non-linear loads. In an APF connection, it was roughly classified as in series (series APF) and in parallel (shunt APF). In this paper the combination of both passive power filter and Active power filter can be implemented to suppress the harmonics. 2. CONFIGURATION OF THE SYSTEM Fig. 1 shows a proposed system consisting of a Shunt active power filter and Passive filter. The purpose of using this combined system is to reduce the harmonics effectively. The power factor also improve d by using the combined system. Figure 1 Combination of shunt active filter and passive ilter The main circuit of the active filter is the PWM inverter using IGBT. The PWM inverter has a dc capacitance of 2000 ? F. 3. SHUNT ACTIVE POWER FILTER 3. 1. Control Circuit of Shunt Active FilterThe overall control circuit of shunt active filter is shown in Figure 2 The Reference current is calculated by abc to dq transformation technique. The output of the reference current calculation in compared with the output of the shunt active filter, the error signal is given to the Improved Generalized integrator controller (IGIC). The pulses can be generated using PWM generator and given to the inverter to produce the compensating current. Figure 2 Overall control circuit of SAPF International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 4 – No. 3, July 2010 10 3. 2 Reference Current Calculation The reference current can be calculated using the dq transformation technique. The load current is given to the abc to dq transformation module. The output is given to the block which is given by (1) The simulation diagram for reference current calculation is shown in Figure 3 The input of the reference current calculator is the load current. The load current is the combination of the harmonic current and the fundamental current. But the output of the reference urrent calculator is the fundamental current. Figure 3 Reference current calculation 3. 3 Improved generalised Integrator controller An improved generalized integrator control (IGIC) was proposed to increase the performance of harmonic suppression. IGIC is a PI controller used to eliminate error between the filter current and the harmonic current. It consists of several PI controller. Each controller is tuned to reduce the particular harmonics. The structure of Improved Generalized Integrator Controller (IGIC) is shown in Figure 5. Figure 5 PI controller using the stationary-frame generalized integrators. SIMULATION RESULTS The simulation results are compared with the control method of Passive Power Filter, Active Power Filter and the combination of Passive Power Filter and Active Power Filter. 4. 1 Results For passive Power Filter The simulation diagram with Passive Power Filter is shown in Figure 4. The diagram consists of the source, non-linear load and Passive Power Filter Figure 4 Simulation diagram with PPF Figure 5 shows the waveform of supply current before compensation. It consist of fundamental current as well as the harmonic current due to the non-linear load Figure 5 Supply current waveform –before compensation Figure 6 Spectrum analysis of supply current-Before compensation Fig. 6 shows the spectrum analysis of supply current before compensation. The Total Harmonic Distortion of the Time(s) Amplitude [A] A] Harmonic order THD = 30. 44% 20 0 Mag [% of fundamental] International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 4 – No. 3, July 2010 11 supply current is 30. 44%. Figure 7 shows the waveform of supply current after compensation. It consist of fundamental current only. The harmonic current present in the supply current is eleminated by using the Passive Power Filter. Figure 7 Supply current waveform –after compensation sing PPF Figure 8 shows the spectrum analysis of supply current after compensation. The Total Harmonic Distortion of the supply current is reduced to 4. 10% from 30. 44%. Figure 8 Spectrum analysis of supply current- after compensation using PPF 4. 2 Results For Shunt Active Power Filter The simulation diagram with shunt Active Power Filte r is shown in Figure 9. The diagram consists of the source, non-linear load, shunt Active Power Filter and its control circuit. Figure 9 Simulation diagram with SAPF Figure 10 shows the waveform of supply current after compensation. It consist of fundamental current only. The harmonic current present in the supply current is eleminated by using the Shunt Active Power Filter. The distortion present in the supply current is reduced when compared to PPF compensation Figure 10 Supply current waveform –after compensation using SAPF Figure 11 shows the spectrum analysis of supply current after compensation. The Total Harmonic Distortion of the supply current is reduced to 4. 85% from 30. 44% . Figure 11 Spectrum analysis of supply current- after compensation using SAPF 4. 3 Results For the combination of shunt Active Power Filter and Passive Power Filter The simulation diagram with shunt Active Power Filter nd PPF is shown in Fig. 12. The diagram consists of the source, non-linear load, Passive Power Filter, shunt Active Power Filter and its control circuit. Figure 12 simulation diagram with SAPF and PPF Harmonic order THD = 4. 96% 2. 5 0 Time(s) Time(s) Amplitude [A] Harmonic order THD = 4. 85% 3. 5 0 Mag [% of fundamental] Mag [% of fundamental] In ternational Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 4 – No. 3, July 2010 12 Figure 13 shows the waveform of supply current after compensation. The waveform is more sinusoidal when compared to other two techniques. Figure 13 Supply current waveform –after ompensation using SAPF and PPF Figure 14 shows the spectrum analysis of supply current after compensation. The Total Harmonic Distortion of the supply current is reduced to 1. 95% from 30. 44% Figure 14 Spectrum analysis of supply current- after compensation uing SAPF and PPF 4. 4 Comparison of Results The numarical values of the harmonics are listed in table 1. The comparisons are made between before compensation, Shunt Active Filter and the combination of Shunt Active Power Filter and Shunt passive Filter. Table 1. Comparison of % of harmonics Harmonic order % of harmonics Before Compensation SAPF SAPF + PPF 3rd 4. 79 0. 70 0. 35 th 18. 91 3. 28 0. 96 7th 14. 24 2. 56 1. 10 9th 1. 16 0. 89 0. 74 11th 1. 66 1. 33 0. 11 13th 7. 75 1. 34 0. 45 Table 1 shows the comparison chart of harmonic order. The % of harmonics can be reduced in the combination of Shunt Active Filter and Passive Power Filter when compared to Passive Power Filter alone. For the comparison only even order harmonics only considered. The graphical representation of the values are shown in fig. 15. Figure 15 Graphical representation of harmonic order Table 2 shows the % of THD of PPF, SAPF and the combination of SAPF and PPF. When compared to all methods the % of THD can be reduced to1. 95% by the ombination of the two methods. Table 2. Comparison of % of THD SYSTEM % of THD Before compensation 30. 44 Passive Power Filter 4. 96 Shunt Active Power Filter 4. 85 Combination of Shunt Active power Filter and Passive power Filter 1. 95 Table 3. Comparison of Power factor SYSTEM POWER FACTOR Passive Power Filter 0. 9218 Shunt Active Power Filter 0. 9547 Combination of Shunt Active power Filter and Passive 0. 9554 Time (s) Amplitude [A] Harmonic order THD = 1. 95% 1. 2 0 Mag [% of fundamental] International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 4 – No. 3, July 2010 13 power Filter As listed in table 3 the power factor also mproved to 0. 9554 when compared to other two methods. Table 4. System parameters SYSTEM PARAMETERS VALUES Source impedance R=0. 5 ohm L=1 mH Load R=10. 6 ohm L=58. 2 mH PPF C= 625 ? F L= 20. 17 mH SAPF R=0. 001 ohm L=3. 5mH Table 4 gives the system parameters of the simulation system. 5. CONCLUSION The system of Passive power Filter, Shunt Active Power Filter and the combination of Passive power Filter and Shunt Active Power Filter is proposed in this work. Improved generalised Integrator controller is proposed here. When compared to the three methods the combination of Passive power Filter and Shunt Active Power Filter is efficient for harmonic suppression and power factor improvement. By this method the % of THD can be reduced to 1. 95 and the power factor is increased to 0. 9554. 6. REFERENCES [1] An Luo, Zhikang Shuai, Wenji Zhu, and Z. John Shen,† Combined System for Harmonic Suppression and Reactive Power Compensation† IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 56, no. 2, February 2009. [2] C. K. Duffey and R. P. Stratford, Update of Harmonic Standard IEEE-5 19: Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric Power Supply Systems. IEEE Trans. IAS, pp. 1025-1034, Nov/Dec. 1989. [3] J. -C. Wu, H. -L. Jou, and Y. -T. 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M. Rowan and R. J. Kerkman, â€Å"A new synchronous current regulator and an analysis of current regulated PWM inverters,† IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat. , vol. IA-22, pp. 678–690, July/Aug. 1986. [14] S. A. Gonzalez, R. Garcia-Retegui, and M. Benedetti, â€Å"Harmonic computation technique suitable for active power filters,† IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. , vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 2791–2796, Oct. 2007. [15] K. M. Cho,W. S. Oh, Y. T. Kim, and H. J. Kim, â€Å"A new switching strategy for pulse width modulation (PWM) power converters,† IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. , vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 330–337, Feb. 2007.